File:IV-WFM.png
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| Description | Instrumental variables: an instrument Z affects the outcome Y only through the treatment X and is independent of the unobserved confounder U. For Instrumental Variables in WFM. |
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| Source | matplotlib (deterministic render) |
| Date | 2026-06-23 |
| Author | WFM Labs |
| Permission |
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| Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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| current | 22:56, 23 June 2026 | | 1,005 × 646 (56 KB) | Tlango (talk | contribs) | Causal-method diagram [skill:WFMWiki] |
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